Combining the diagnosis of exposure and/or infections, 91.05% and 87.69% of individuals had been exposed to and/or were infected with P. falciparum and helminths, respectively (Table S1), with the following breakdown into exposure/infection groups: no exposure/infection (MAL− HEL− [N = 21, 2.94%]), single exposure/infection (MAL−HEL+ [N = 43, 6.01%] or MAL+ HEL− [N = 67, 9.37%]) and coexposure/coinfection (MAL+ HEL+ [N = 584, 82.68%]) (Table 1). Here, MAL is linked to infection.