TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: In their study entitled cost analysis and application of second-line treatment with Rituximab in comparison with Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors in RA, Lopatina et al. showed that over a one-year time horizon, Rituximab and Etanercept resulted in the effectiveness of 0.80 QALYs with the costs of $ 14,291 and $ 18,880, respectively.