TNF and pulmonary fibrosis: In animal study, Cook et al. showed that compared to the control group, the MCMV infected mice had CMV reactivation in 2 weeks after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), and the mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, chemokine KC (KC) as well as MIP-2 were altered and pulmonary fibrosis was also developed [18] (Table 2).