To confirm the NGS results, we investigated the expression levels of 4 selected mRNAs, including the top regulated FAM83A and TPPP3 (Fig. 1C) in the bladder biopsies of a larger independent patient cohort (n = 8 controls and n = 16 BPS). This evidence concerns the gene TPPP3 and Bartsocas-Papas syndrome 1.