Urinary pro-inflammatory biomarkers are now measurable e.g., interferon gamma-induced protein-10 (IP-10), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1δ (MIP-1δ) in diabetic nephropathy patients [15]; neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), macrophage inflammatory protein–1α (MIP-1α) and IP-10 in CS-AKI patients [1, 3, 17]; MCP-1 in mice with AKI [18] and interleukin-12 subunit p40 (IL-12p40) in type 1 diabetes [19]. Here, LCN2 is linked to acute kidney injury.