TNF and neoplasm: IL-6, TGF-β and TNF-α were largely decreased in the combo group, while IL-12 and IFN-γ were significantly increased compared with the nanovaccine group and anti-CTLA-4 mAb group, indicating the decrease of immunosuppressive cytokines in the TME and the enhancement of cytotoxic T cell-mediated tumor-specific killing effect.