Flow cytometry analysis of tumor samples (Fig. 3d) further confirmed that SF at 50 mg/ml eliminated 99.76 ± 0.05% CD44+/CD24− cells, 92.80 ± 0.26% MDR1 and 78.57 ± 0.11% PDL-1 positive cells from the tumor stroma. Here, CD44 is linked to neoplasm.