BDNF and congenital rubella syndrome: As shown in Figures 5a and 5b (mean ± SD, p < 0.05/0.01), the expression of p-ERK1, p-ERK2, CREB and BDNF were significantly downregulated in CRS group, and when treated with U0126, the expression of p-ERK1, p-ERK2, CREB and BDNF was further decreased compared with CRS group at mRNA and protein levels Immunofluorescence staining (Figure 5c, mean ± SD, p< 0.01) was also confirmed the results at protein level.