Increased transcription of genes involved in the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway was consistent with production of NAPDH in association with generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Fig. 1i; see also Fig. S3), although transcripts associated with alternative NADPH-generating pathways (cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase [MDH1], malic enzyme [ME1], and isocitrate dehydrogenase [IDH1]) were found at higher abundance in non-TB sputum. Here, MDH1 is linked to tuberculosis.