CCL2 and acute kidney injury: Several other biomarkers have been shown to be useful in recognizing AKI in snakebite, including urinary monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in Bothrops [22] and urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) in Russell’s viper envenoming.[28] Finally, the number of patients included in the study was only 52 and just seven and five patients had mild and moderate to severe AKI, respectively.