TFF3 and acute kidney injury: Urinary TFF-3 was shown to be of value in early prediction of AKI from drug-induced nephrotoxicity due to gentamicin [23] and cisplatin [24], and following cardiac arrest.[25] However, similar to HNV envenoming it was found to be a poor predictor of development of moderate/severe AKI following Russell’s viper envenoming.[8]