CD274 and neoplasm: Hypoxia can both induce an immunosuppressive TME, which decreases the effect of immunotherapy (Fukumura et al., 2018), as well as upregulate PD-L1 expression, which further promotes tumor escape (Barsoum et al., 2014; Noman et al., 2014; Koh et al., 2016; Ruf et al., 2016).