TGFB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: For example, TGF-β-induced signaling activated integrin β1 by phosphorylating its cytoplasmic tail in hepatocellular carcinoma invasion (Fransvea et al., 2009), while TGF-β1 can increase the expression of integrin α2/α3 and then facilitate GC cell spreading and migration (Lee et al., 2005), suggesting a tissue- and cell-specific regulatory manner which need to be further investigated.