Furthermore, increased secretion in human RPE cells of CCL5 (and CCL7) in response to cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL1-beta, and IFN-gamma and the expression of CCR3 in choroidal blood vessels in patients with AMD suggests potential mechanism for both local and plasma CCL5 to interact with choroidal blood vessels and macrophage migration in AMD (26). This evidence concerns the gene CCR3 and age-related macular degeneration.