Related to autoimmunity, several complementary studies demonstrated that CXCL13 is an important mediator of human autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis (54, 55), systemic lupus erythematosus (56, 57), multiple sclerosis (58, 59) and myasthenia gravis (60). Here, CXCL13 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.