CD4 and hepatocellular carcinoma: AdvHAFP-transduced DCs activate higher frequencies of Th1 CD4 responses to AFP in healthy donors and AFP positive HCC patients. Importantly, when activated by adenovirus-engineered DC, the cytokine expression profile of CD4+T cells was biased towards the production of interleukin-2 and interferon-γ, which has therapeutic implications for vaccination work.