CTSG and endothelial dysfunction: Additionally, neutrophil activation triggers the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which encompass DNA and cytoplasmic granular proteins, like CatG, in order to catch and trap microorganisms in the extracellular space (Ma et al., 2019), resulting in enhanced inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and induced thrombogenicity in a process depending on IL-1α precursor processing by CatG (Folco et al., 2018).