In a prospective study by Tosoian et al., which consisted of 118 men with PSA>2 ng/mL and negative DRE, the median PHID value was 0.70 in the negative biopsy group, 0.53 in the clinically insignificant PCa group, and 1.21 in the csPCa group (p< 0.001). Here, KLK3 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.