VEGFA and neoplasm: Cell signaling pathway biomarkers such as ErbB (Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase) and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family members, angiogenesis biomarkers [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), MVD (mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase), and hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α)], and tumor cell invasion biomarkers (E-cadherin and N-cadherin) have been shown to be related to the outcomes of NMIBC and MIBC (13–15).