CTLA4 and bladder transitional cell carcinoma: In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapies, especially anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), anti-PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) antibodies, have achieved significant success in BLCA treatment.