Initial evidence of the involvement of PTX3 in the host resistance to AF dates back to 2002, when it was reported that genetic deficiency of Ptx3 enhances susceptibility to IPA in immunocompetent mice, due to defective recognition of fungal conidia by neutrophils, AMs, and DCs, and biased Th2 responses (41). Here, PTX3 is linked to Ito hypomelanosis.