As these cytokines are produced by mesangial cells and podocytes in lupus nephritis (32), glomerular infiltration by CD115+ patrolling monocytes might upregulate the expression of mRNAs encoding CD115 ligands, leading to a vicious circle between patrolling monocytes and glomerulus-intrinsic cells such as mesangial cells and podocytes. This evidence concerns the gene CSF1R and lupus nephritis.