Within the TME, pro-tumor TAMs dominate and can promote tumor growth through secretion of growth factors and, in part, by dampening effector T cell function through secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, TGF-β and interleukin (IL)-10, as well as expression of immune modulators, such as PD-L1 (87, 91, 92). Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.