TNF and colitis: For example, caffeic acid, tea polyphenols, salvianolic acid, and sesamol could ameliorate colitis by reducing the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and other pro-inflammatory cytokines in DSS-induced colitis mice (Ye et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2018; Liu Y. et al., 2020; Zhao et al., 2020).