In this sense, elevated serum FGF-23 levels have been associated with cardiovascular events in early CKD patients (Isakova et al., 2011; Ix et al., 2012) and are also related to increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality (Ärnlöv et al., 2013), especially in ESRD patients (Scialla et al., 2014) but also in the general population (De Jong et al., 2021). Here, FGF23 is linked to chronic kidney disease.