Specifically, elevated copeptin concentration is predictive of worse outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury (Yang et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2014; Choi et al., 2017), a condition associated with increased expression of V1aRs in the brain (Szmydynger-Chodobska et al., 2004) and abnormal respiratory patterns (Racca et al., 2020). Here, AVP is linked to brain injury.