JUN and neoplasm: As a tumour growth promoter, NF-κB has been found to induce expression of oncogenic microRNAs, promote expression of immune checkpoint proteins like PD-L1 and also act in sync with STAT3 and AP-1 to induce tumour-associated inflammation (Galardi et al., 2011; Asgarova et al., 2018; Ji et al., 2019).