PTGS2 and cancer: Moreover, curcumin analogues, EF31, and UBS109, were found to induce downregulation of VEGF, HIF-α, and COX-2 as well as inhibit IKKs, NF-κB translocation and NF-κB DNA binding based on in vitro and in vivo cancer studies (Olivera et al., 2012; Nagaraju et al., 2015; Rajitha et al., 2017).