Both PDGFR and its ligands expressed in these tumours leads to an autocrine loop that fuels activation of downstream PI3K/Akt, MAPK and STAT pathways, in addition to the maintenance of EMT and enhanced metastasis (Jechlinger et al., 2006; Matei et al., 2006; Adewuyi et al., 2018). This evidence concerns the gene PIK3CA and neoplasm.