TGFB1 and chronic kidney disease: Recent studies revealed that the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways are closely associated with kidney fibrosis and CKD progression (Wang, et al., 2008; Liu, et al., 2015; Pérez-Ferro, et al., 2016) by augmenting TGF-β/Smads responses (Bhattacharyya, et al., 2013) and activating inflammatory cytokines (Chen, et al., 2018).