Studies have also revealed that Csf1r heterozygosity results in enhanced cerebral Csf2, CD68 and CD163 expression, indicating an inflammatory phenotype of microglia in affected white matter of ALSP (Chitu et al., 2015; Kempthorne et al., 2020). Here, CSF2 is linked to Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia.