S100A9 and cardiomyopathy: The expression of genes encoding calcium- and zinc-binding proteins, S100a8 (calgranulin A) and S100a9 (calgranulin B), proteins play a role in oxidative stress response; the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (Pdk 4), an enzyme that may cause diabetes mellitus to result in cell damage; the expression of angiopoietin-like 4 (Angptl4), a secreted protein can lead to reduced cardiac LPL activity in heart muscle and cardiomyopathy (Carlsson et al. 2005; Rodriguez et al. 2007).