CASP3 and endothelial dysfunction: Using hiPSC-ECs, we first exposed them to varying ranges of EAE and observed e-cig led to reduced cell viability, increased ROS generation and caspase 3/7 activity, and a reduction in a tube formation, migration ability, and barrier function, which are consistent with our previous study [11] demonstrating that e-cig exposure results in endothelial dysfunction.