Relatively high concentrations of MCP-1 and also of IL6 could be detected in meningioma cells after infection with Nm. However, other cytokines and chemokines, such as TNFα, IL1β, CCL3 (MIP-1α), CCL4, CSF2, CSF3 (G-CSF) and CSF1 (M-CSF), were only found in low concentrations in these cells [61]. Here, CSF3 is linked to meningioma.