CSF2 and autism spectrum disorder: Interestingly, recent studies showed that mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) with intellectual disabilities (DQ < 70) (ASD + ID) had significantly elevated mid-gestational levels of cytokines (GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-6) and chemokines (IL-8, MCP-1) when compared to either mother of children with ASD without intellectual disabilities (ASD-noID, DQ ≥70) and mothers of the general population (GP) controls.