Firstly, we showed that genes reported to be upregulated and, in some cases, to promote HCC progression, such as HDAC11, UBD (FAT10) and TAGLN2 [57, 65, 66], are hypomethylated in CLD samples, suggesting these prognostically relevant epigenetic and transcriptional changes may arise before HCC has developed. Here, UBD is linked to congenital secretory chloride diarrhea 1.