C4A and systemic lupus erythematosus: Such a lack of specificity of ANA for SLE has also been observed in other conventional parameters such as double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), and concentrations of complements C3 and C4 [6, 7]; this creates a range of clinical dilemmas challenging both patients and practitioner, which thus led to search of other reliable biomarkers for accessing disease activity and severity of organ involvement.