GFAP and Alzheimer disease: Plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 has also been shown to be associated with progression to both MCI and AD dementia (Verberk et al, 2018, 2021), independent of potential confounders (education; APOE carriership; or medication use for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes) and measures of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration (plasma GFAP and NfL).