AR and prostate cancer: While hormone-based therapies are not classic chemotherapy, these treatments are commonly used in the treatment of breast and prostate cancer and may contribute to cognitive impairment.46 Theoretically, these effects reflect the ubiquitous expression of estrogen and androgen receptors in key areas of the brain involved in cognition, such as prefrontal cortices and the hippocampus.47 A recent review of this literature46 concluded that there is evidence of cognitive impairment in patients with breast or prostate cancer after treatment with hormonal therapies.