The role of GSK-3beta inhibition as a general neuroprotection strategy that prevents radiation necrosis88 is also exciting, and some clinical trial data exist for tideglusib in Alzheimer’s disease patients.94,95 Many other exciting data for novel drugs that target pathways such as hedgehog signaling96 and modulation of the complement cascade97 also show potential to improve neurocognitive outcomes in brain metastasis patients receiving radiotherapy. This evidence concerns the gene GSK3B and Alzheimer disease.