Finally, in a rat model of cardiac hypertrophy induced by isoproterenol, administration of difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) attenuated cardiac hypertrophy through downregulating the MAM signaling pathway (cleaved caspase-3/9, GRP75, Mfn2, CypD, and VDAC1) and upregulating the autophagy pathway in heart tissue (Zhao et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene CASP3 and cardiac hypertrophy.