Other ALS-associated proteins including TDP-43, FUS, neurofilament light chain (NfL) and INHAT repressor (NIR), also exist in the EVs, which are isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or plasma of ALS patients (Sproviero et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2020; Hayashi et al., 2020; Vassileff et al., 2020b). The gene discussed is TARDBP; the disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.