We also observed that moderately decreased level of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) after UC-MSCs and CB-MNCs were infused (Figure 4G), which is supported by the evidence that preterm infants who went on to develop moderate or severe BPD showed significantly lower TNF-α levels at birth compared with no or mild BPD (Ehrhardt et al., 2016). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.