Moreover, the overexpression of recombinant CsGRN could promote cell migration and invasion by inducing liver epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) via the ERK and PI3K/AKT signal pathways in HCC cell line PLC cells, which indicated that CsGRN was involved in the pathogenesis of HCC (Young et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2017). Here, AKT1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.