Similarly, a retrospective study, including 38 patients suffering from upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UUTUC), 94 patients Suffering from Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC), and 21 patients without infections or cancer, showed that serum hepcidin level was significant increased compared to sera of controls in patients with UUTUC and RCC, and high serum hepcidin was associated with cancer recurrence and metastasis (53). Here, HAMP is linked to cancer.