MMP9 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): Figures 3A, B show the western blotting results, and histograms (mean ± SD) of the methylation rates of the miR-338-5p-5p promoter and the expression levels of miR-338-5p-5p and invasion-related genes downstream of ETS-1 (MMP1, MMP3, MMP9, and uPA). These results indicate that knockdown of DNMT1 or inhibition of its activity repressed the activation of the ETS-1 pathway via enhancing the expression of miR-338-5p-5p, which targets the 3’UTR of ETS1 in astrocytoma cells.