An example is metformin, which could decrease cancer cell proliferation by decreasing the NAD+/NADH ratio and inhibiting aspartate production (180), and stimulates the proliferation of CD8+ TILs with the production of mitochondrial ROS in an NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/mTORC1/p62 pathway (181). The gene discussed is NFE2L2; the disease is cancer.