AR and Parkinson disease: In AR-PD, homozygous mutations of recessive genes, such as Parkin (PARK2), DJ-1 (PARK6), PINK1 (PARK7), ATP13A2 (PARK9), PLA2G6 (PARK14), FOXO7 (PARK15), and DNAJC16 (PARK19), result in loss of function of mitophagy, the selective degradation of mitochondria by autophagy, leading to early-onset PD during reproductive life (Figure 1(b)) [3,43,44].