TNF and uremia: While antagonizing IL-1 with Anakinra failed to dampen the effect of uremic serum on VEGF production (Figure 4D), the blockade of TNF-α signaling with 10, 50, or 100 μg/mL Infliximab inhibited uremia-induced VEGF production in a dose-dependent manner (No blocking antibody P<0.01, 10 μg/mL P<0.05, and 50, or 100 μg/mL no significant difference compared to HSP, Figure 4E).