In terms of molecular mechanism, the secretion of inflammatory cytokines promotes the expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), thereby enhancing the recruitment of microglia/macrophages and microglia-dependent glioma invasion (32), and inhibition of CSF-1R can alter macrophage polarization and block glioma progression (33). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and glioma.