IGF2 and glioblastoma: Additionally, our previous study demonstrated that co-localized phosphorylated ERK1/2 and IGF2 in the dorsal horn regions of neuropathic pain rat models and exogenous IGF2-treated glioblastoma cells induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation [8], which has been implicated in various conditions, including pain and neuroinflammation [25].