However, the finding in this study that TNF-α represses transcription from the CCN5 promoter via NF-κB-responsive elements may provide a plausible explanation for the delayed induction of CCN5 following myocardial infarction as myocardial TNF-α reaches peak levels within 24 h after myocardial infarction (Herskowitz et al. 1995; Nian et al. 2004). Here, TNF is linked to myocardial infarction.