Of the DEmRNAs found in AF, five TFs (ETV4, XBP1, SP1, CREB1, and NFKB1) and four regulated neuropeptides (VIP, NPPB, AGTR1, and AGT) or their receptors were identified and constituted seven TF-mRNA pairs. Here, NFKB1 is linked to atrial fibrillation.