Of the DEmRNAs found in AF, five TFs (ETV4, XBP1, SP1, CREB1, and NFKB1) and four regulated neuropeptides (VIP, NPPB, AGTR1, and AGT) or their receptors were identified and constituted seven TF-mRNA pairs. The gene discussed is SP1; the disease is atrial fibrillation.