ARAF and cancer: Similarly, the abundance of pks+ E. coli was (2.45 ± 5.34) × 10−4 in stage II, (2.42 ± 4.01) × 10−4 in stage III, and (2.36 ± 1.84) × 10−4 in stage IV, indicating no significant cancer stage-dependent differences of pks+ E. coli abundance (F = 0.912, P = 0.617) (Figure 3).